Recovery codes and backup codes are designed for situations where a normal authentication method is unavailable. That makes them useful, but it also makes them sensitive. A valid recovery code may allow access when a phone, authenticator application, or security key cannot be used.
Treat recovery codes as credentials
A recovery code should not be considered ordinary account information. Anyone who obtains a valid code may be able to bypass part of the normal sign-in process. Store and share these codes with controls similar to those used for passwords, private keys, and administrator tokens.
Avoid permanent communication history
Do not paste recovery codes into email threads, support tickets, team chats, or shared documents unless the organization's approved process specifically requires it. These systems are optimized for retention and collaboration, which conflicts with the goal of minimizing copies of a high-value credential.
Use a one-time delivery method for transfer
If a recovery code must be handed to an authorized person, a one-time link can prevent the code from remaining directly visible in the communication history. The recipient retrieves the code once, and the temporary copy is removed from the delivery service.
Verify the recipient carefully
Requests for recovery access deserve additional scrutiny because attackers often target account-recovery processes. Confirm identity using an established method. Do not rely solely on information provided in an unexpected message or phone call.
Use single-use codes as intended
Many recovery systems provide multiple codes, each intended for one use. After a code is consumed, mark it as used or let the system invalidate it automatically. If the full set may have been exposed, regenerate the set so old codes are no longer valid.
Store unused codes appropriately
For personal accounts, an offline copy stored in a physically secure location may be appropriate. For business accounts, use an approved enterprise vault or emergency-access procedure with auditing and restricted permissions.
Do not share more than necessary
If one code is enough to complete the recovery process, do not send the entire set. Reducing the amount of sensitive information transferred limits the impact if the delivery channel is compromised.
Review recovery methods periodically
Old phone numbers, former employees, unused administrator accounts, and forgotten backup codes can create hidden access paths. Periodically review who can perform account recovery and regenerate codes after personnel or security changes when appropriate.